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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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011689
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01168900.038
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1990-09-17
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NATION, Page 28Can a Driver Be Too Old?Fender benders and fatalities raise fears over elderly motorists
In Tuscola, Ill., Pearl Kamm, 77, began a road test to renew
her driver's license last summer by backing the car over a curb and
into a tree. Then she plowed through the plate-glass windows of
the driver-testing center, killing a woman who was waiting to take
a vision test and injuring three others.
As America's population grows older, such highway horror
stories are becoming more common. Currently 12% of the population
is 65 or older, a figure expected to reach 17% in the next 40
years. While dangerous drivers come in all ages -- the most
menacing, in fact, are still the youngest -- there is a growing
nationwide effort to ensure that older people with licenses either
drive safely or get off the road.
Until recently, it was widely believed that older drivers were
the safest because they are involved in the fewest accidents
overall of any age group. But those statistics do not weigh the
fact that senior citizens tend to drive fewer miles than their
younger counterparts. A 1988 study by the Transportation Research
Board and the National Research Council discovered that elderly
drivers rank second only to 16-to-24-year-olds in the number of
accidents per mile driven. Similarly, the Insurance Information
Institute reports that drivers 75 and over are more accident-prone
than all but those under 25.
While younger drivers often suffer most from poor judgment,
the safety problems of elderly drivers are more likely to be rooted
in the normal processes of aging: diminishing vision and hearing,
slowing reflexes and decreasing attention spans. Experts find a
link between these kinds of physical degeneration and the driving
errors the elderly most often commit: failing to yield the
right-of-way, making overly wide left turns, and crashing into
other vehicles when backing up.
These are familiar problems to some residents of California,
Arizona and Florida, all states with large colonies of retirees.
In Florida 17% of all motorists are 65 and over, and an astonishing
22,268 are 90 or over. In the wealthier districts of metropolises,
like Tampa-St. Petersburg and Miami, the profusion of elderly
drivers has acquired an unkind nickname: the "cataracts and
Cadillacs" syndrome. In 1982 a public hue and cry arose over the
driving record of an 81-year-old Miami Beach woman who surrendered
her license after a 39-month streak during which she struck eleven
people, killing three and critically injuring five.
Before the advent of age-discrimination laws, 14 states passed
legislation requiring older drivers to take tests to get their
licenses renewed. In Pennsylvania, where the percentage of fatal
accidents involving the elderly increased from 7% to 10% between
1985 and 1987, the Department of Transportation randomly selects
as many as 1,500 senior citizens due for license renewal and calls
them in for medical, vision, written and possible driving tests.
As a result, 20% of the licenses are revoked, voluntarily
surrendered or subjected to such restrictions as limiting the
driver to daytime hours.
After a proposed license-renewal law aimed at the elderly
foundered on charges of age discrimination, Florida enacted
regulations ordering all new residents, regardless of age, to pass
both written and driving tests. "There's a great need to gradually
restrict licensing," says Jane Lange, director of the
medical-review program for Arizona's department of motor vehicles.
"People age at different rates, so, ideally, it should be done on
a case-by-case basis."
Attempts to stiffen requirements for older drivers can collide
with other concerns. Many auto-insurance companies offer discount
rates to drivers over 65 because they tend to drive less frequently
and to avoid hazardous situations like rush-hour traffic and bad
weather. Another issue is compassion: depriving many senior
citizens of their licenses would amount to robbing them of their
independence. "The use of a car is particularly important to older
citizens," says Florida Congressman Claude Pepper, 88. "It's a
vital link to the outside world."
Perhaps the best way to reconcile safety and mobility is to
teach elderly motorists to compensate for the physical liabilities
that often come with age. Since 1979, more than a million senior
drivers have completed the American Association of Retired
Persons's "55 Alive/Mature Driving" program, an eight-hour
driver-education course taught in 17,000 classrooms across the U.S.
for a nominal fee. Says Michael Seaton, creator of the A.A.R.P.
program: "Older drivers want to be safe on the road. Most have
never had a high school driver's education class, and they enjoy
the course." As the A.A.R.P. program and ones like it expand, so
too will the odds that older drivers will safely enjoy the open
road well into their golden years.